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FAQ
Roofing Terminology
A
Algae Stain
Roof discoloration caused by algae. Often misidentified as fungal growth.
Architectural Metal Roofing
Metal panels designed for performance and looks. Often used on commercial or high-end residential projects for a durable finish.
Architectural Shingles
Also known as laminated shingles. These shingles have many layers to create added thickness and visual depth.
ARMA
The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association — a trade organization representing asphalt roofing manufacturers in North America.
Asphalt
A bituminous waterproof material applied to roofing products during the manufacturing process.
Asphalt Primer
A thin liquid bitumen used to make self-adhering membranes stickier, and to absorb dust.
Asphalt Roofing Cement
An asphalt-based adhesive used to bond roofing materials. Also known as flashing cement or mastic. Should comply with ASTM D4586 (Asbestos-Free).
ASTM International
An organization focused on consensus standards, testing procedures, and specifications.
B
Back Coating
Also see Talc. Fine mineral particles applied to shingles to prevent sticking.
Base Flashing
The part of the flashing attached to or resting on the roof deck. Directs water onto the roof covering.
Base Ply Sheet
A product designed to be the base or middle layer in a self-adhering roll roofing system for residential use.
Base Sheet
A product intended for use as the base layer in a self-adhering roll roofing system.
Bitumen
A sticky black material, used for road paving, waterproofing, and roofing. See Modified Bitumen Roofing. See also: Asphalt.
Blistering
Bubbles that may appear on the surface of asphalt roofing after installation.
Bridging
A re-roofing method that avoids removing old shingles by spanning over them.
Built-Up Roofing
A flat or low-slope roof consisting of multiple layers of ply sheets embedded in hot asphalt.
Bundle
A package of shingles. Typically, there are 3, 4, or 5 bundles per 100 square feet.
Butt Edge
The lower edge of the shingle tabs.
C
Cap Sheet
A mineral-surfaced material, used either on its own or as the top layer of a multi-layer rolled roof covering system.
Caulk
To seal a joint with mastic or asphalt cement to prevent leaks.
Cement
See Asphalt Roofing Cement.
Chalk Line
A line made on the roof by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk. Used for alignment.
Claim
A request filed to an insurance company by a homeowner to get finances for repairing a damaged roof.
Class "A" Fire Rating
The highest fire test classification for roofing as per ASTM E108 or UL790, indicating that the roofing can withstand severe exposure to external fire sources.
Class "B" Fire Rating
A fire test classification indicating that the roofing material can withstand moderate exposure to external fire sources.
Class "C" Fire Rating
A fire test classification indicating that the roofing material can withstand light exposure to external fire sources.
Class 4 Impact Resistance
The highest impact resistance classification according to the UL 2218 Impact test, indicating that shingles are highly resistant to hailstorm impacts.
Closed Cut Valley
A valley treatment method where one side of the valley has shingles extending across it, while the other side has shingles trimmed 2" from the valley centerline. The valley flashing is not visible.
Collar
A preformed flange placed over a vent pipe to seal the roof around the opening. Also called a vent sleeve.
Concealed Nail Method
A roll roofing application method. All nails are driven into the underlying course of roofing and covered by a cemented overlapping course. Nails are not exposed to the weather.
Condensation
The conversion of water vapor into liquid when warm, moist air contacts a cold surface.
Counter Flashing
The part of the flashing attached to a vertical surface to prevent water from seeping behind the base flashing.
Course
A row of shingles or roll roofing running horizontally along the roof.
Coverage
The number of layers of material between the exposed surface of the roofing and the deck. For example, single layer, dual layer, etc.
Cricket
A peaked saddle construction at the back of a chimney. Prevents snow and ice from piling up, and redirects water around the chimney.
CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
A software that allows roofers to manage their jobs, leads, customers, communications, timelines, and pipelines in one place. Helps with strategy, organization, time management, efficiency, professionalism, and business growth.
Cutout
The unobstructed sections of a strip shingle between the tabs.
D
Decking
The surface, installed over the supporting framing members, to which roofing is applied. The minimum thickness of a wood decking is a 15/32" exterior grade plywood or 7/16" exterior grade OSB, or as required by local building codes.
Dormer
A framed window unit projecting through the sloping plane of a roof.
Double Layer
Application of asphalt roofing in such a way that the overlapped portion is at least 2" wider than the exposed portion, resulting in two layers of roofing material over the deck.
Downspout
A pipe for draining water from roof gutters. Also called a leader.
Drip Edge Flashing
A corrosion-resistant, non-staining material used along the eaves and rakes to allow water runoff and avoid water damage. Often required by building code.
E
Eaves
The horizontal, lower edge of a sloped roof.
Eaves Flashing
An additional layer of roofing material applied at the eaves to help prevent damage from water backup.
EPDM
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer — a durable synthetic rubber roofing membrane often used on low-slope commercial roofs. Known for flexibility and weather resistance.
Estimate
A general estimate of the cost to perform a roofing job from start to finish. This generally includes materials, labor, and a profit margin. It's a rough estimate of what the job will cost, but should be accurate.
Exposed Nail Method
Application of roll roofing where all nails are driven into the cemented, overlapping course of roofing. Nails are exposed to the weather.
Exposure
That portion of the roofing exposed to the elements after installation.
F
Fiberglass Mat
The central material in an asphalt roofing shingle manufactured from glass fibers.
Flashing
Pieces of metal used to prevent water seepage into a building around any intersection or projection on a roof, such as vent pipes, chimneys, adjoining walls, dormers, and valleys. Galvanized metal flashing should be a minimum of 26-gauge.
Flashing Cement
See Asphalt Roofing Cement.
G
Gable
The upper triangular portion of a sidewall that comes to a point at the ridge of a double sloping roof.
Gable Roof
A simple two-sided roof above a gable. Most common pitched roof style in North America.
Gambrel Roof
A type of roof containing two sloping planes of different pitches on each side of the ridge. The lower plane has a steeper slope than the upper and contains a gable at each end.
Granules
Usually ceramic-coated colored crushed rock that is applied to the exposed surface of asphalt roofing products.
Gutter
The trough that channels water from the eaves to the downspouts.
H
Head Lap
Shortest distance from the butt edge of an overlapping shingle to the upper edge of a shingle in the second course below. The triple-layer portion of the top lap of strip shingles.
Hexagonal Shingles
Shingles that have a hexagon-like appearance after installation.
Hip
The inclined external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes. Extends from the ridge to the eaves.
Hip Roof
A type of roof containing sloping planes on all four sides. Doesn't have gables.
Hip Shingles
Shingles used to cover the inclined external angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.
I
Ice & Water Shield
A waterproof roof underlayment membrane created to protect vulnerable areas on a roof from ice and water damage. Ice and water shields (sometimes called ice and snow shields up north) are created with polymer-modified bitumen.
Ice Dam
Happens when melted snow on the overhang of a roof re-freezes, creating a barrier. Leads to water being forced up and under shingles, resulting in leaks.
Ice Dam Protection
The installation of one or more layers of self-adhering underlayment at the eaves of a building. Stops water damage caused by ice dams. Also known as Eave Flashing.
Impact Resistant Shingles
Shingles designed to withstand damage from hailstorms. These shingles undergo testing and classification according to UL 2218 standards. Can be classified as Class 1 through Class 4, with Class 4 offering the most impact resistance.
Interlocking Shingles
Individual shingles that securely connect to each other, providing enhanced wind resistance.
L
Laminated Shingles
Shingles composed of multiple layers to create added thickness. Also referred to as three-dimensional shingles or architectural shingles.
Layer
A single level or sheet of roofing material (e.g., one layer, two layers).
Low Slope Application
The method of installing asphalt shingles and underlayment on roof slopes ranging from 2 inches to less than 4 inches per foot.
M
Mansard Roof
A type of roof with two sloping planes with different pitches on each of its four sides. The lower plane has a steeper pitch than the upper, often approaching vertical.
Measurement Report
See Roof Report.
Mineral Stabilizers
Finely ground materials such as limestone, slate, trap rock, or other inert substances. Added to asphalt to make shingles more durable and resistant to fire and weathering.
Mineral-Surfaced Roofing
Asphalt shingles and roll roofing coated with granules for added protection.
Modified Bitumen Roofing
Asphalt-based, best for shallow roofs, popular in North America. Also known as "mod bit."
N
No-Cutout Shingles
Shingles with a solid tab and no cutouts.
Non-Veneer Panel
A wood-based panel without a laminated veneer that carries an APA span rating, such as wafer board or oriented strand board.
O
Open Valley
A valley construction method where shingles on both sides of the valley are trimmed along chalk lines on each side. Shingles don't extend across the valley, and the valley flashing is exposed.
Organic Felt
A base material for asphalt roofing made from cellulose fibers. These days, fiberglass-based underlayments are more commonly used instead.
Overdriven Nails
Nails driven too deep into the roofing material during installation. Can damage shingles and lead to leaks.
Overhang
The extension of the roof structure beyond the exterior walls of a building.
Overlap
The act of covering one shingle or roll with another to create a layered surface.
Overlap Cement
An asphalt-based cement (conforming to ASTM D3019) used to bond overlapping layers of roll roofing.
Overlay
A re-roofing method where new asphalt shingles are installed over existing shingles, with the top edge of the new shingle butted against the bottom edge of the existing shingle tab.
P
Pallets
Wooden platforms used for storing and transporting bundles of shingles.
Ponding
The accumulation of water in low-lying areas on a roof after rainfall, which stays while other parts of the roof dry. This is usually only an issue on flat/low-slope roofs.
Primer
An asphalt-based substance used to prepare surfaces for bonding with self-adhering asphalt sheets.
Proposal
Also known as a quote. A contract created by a roofer for a homeowner that includes information about the roofing job they'll do. Generally includes materials, pricing, terms and conditions, license number, insurance information, financing (if applicable), project scope and timeline, warranties, terms of payment, permits, customers information, contractor information, and spots for signatures.
R
Rafter
The supporting framing member positioned beneath the deck, sloping from the ridge to the wall plate.
Rake
The sloped edge of a roof that extends over a wall.
Random-Tab Shingles
Shingles with varying tab sizes and exposures.
Recovering
The process of installing an additional layer of roofing over an existing layer. Building codes typically allow a maximum of two layers of any roofing type on a roof.
Release Strip
A plastic strip applied to the back of self-sealing shingles to prevent them from sticking together in bundles. Does not need to be removed during application.
Re-roofing
The procedure of removing the existing roof coverings and replacing them with a new roofing system.
Ridge
The highest horizontal angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.
Ridge Shingles
Shingles used to cover the horizontal angle formed by the meeting of two sloping roof planes.
Rise
The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge.
Roll Roofing
Asphalt roofing products manufactured in roll form.
Roof Report
A digital roof measurement report that includes all the measurements of a residential or commercial roof, including: Image, Length Measurement Report, Area Measurement Report, Pitch & Direction Measurement Report, All Structures Summary, and Material Estimate (optional).
Roofing Tape
An asphalt-saturated tape utilized with asphalt cements for flashing and patching asphalt roofing.
Run
The horizontal distance from the eaves to a point directly beneath the ridge. It is half the span.
S
Saturated Felt
An asphalt-impregnated felt used as an underlayment between the deck and the roofing material.
SBS
Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene, a synthetic polymer mixed with asphalt in some products to enhance flexibility and other qualities.
Sealant
Also known as Asphalt Roof Cement. Used to seal gaps and provide a waterproof barrier on roofs.
Self-Adhering Shingle Underlayment
A waterproofing underlayment designed to protect against water infiltration caused by ice dams or wind-driven rain. It must meet ASTM D1970 standards and bear the right label.
Self-Sealing Shingles
Shingles with factory-applied strips or spots of adhesive for bonding shingle courses together.
Self-Sealing Strip or Spot
Factory-applied adhesive that bonds shingle courses when exposed to sunlight heat after installation.
Selvage
The portion of roll roofing overlapped by the succeeding course to achieve single or double coverage at the lap.
Shading
Slight variations in shingle color resulting from normal manufacturing operations.
Sheathing
See Decking.
Shed Roof
A roof with only one sloping plane. Lacks hips, ridges, valleys, or gables.
Single Coverage
Asphalt roofing that provides one layer of roofing material over the deck.
Slope
The degree of roof incline expressed as the ratio of the rise to the run, in inches. For example, a roof slope of 4/12 means there is a 4-inch rise every 12 inches.
Smooth-Surfaced Roofing
Roll roofing coated with ground talc or mica instead of granules.
Soffit
The finished underside of the eaves.
Soil Stack
A vent pipe that extends through the roof.
Span
The horizontal distance between eaves.
Square
A unit of roof measurement covering an area of 100 square feet.
Square-Tab Shingles
Shingles with uniform tab size and exposure.
Staggering
A roofing application method in which shingle courses are applied vertically up the roof.
Standard Slope Application
The method of installing asphalt shingles on roof slopes ranging from 4 inches to 21 inches per foot.
Standing Seam Roof
A type of metal roof where long panels connect with raised seams that lock together. Has a sleek look and better weather protection.
Starter Strip
Asphalt roofing applied at the eave to provide additional protection under the cutouts and joints of the first shingle course.
Steep Slope Application
The method of installing asphalt shingles on roof slopes greater than 21 inches per foot.
Step Flashing
The method of applying base flashing where a vertical surface meets a sloping roof plane.
Strip Shingles
Asphalt shingles made from a single layer. Around three times as long as they are wide.
Synthetic Underlayment
An underlayment product typically made from polypropylene, and used as an alternative to felt underlayment.
T
Tab
The exposed section of strip shingles defined by cutouts.
Takeoff
Roof takeoff is another name for accurately measuring and estimating a roof before starting work.
Talc
Also see Back Coating. A white powder, often added to shingles and roll roofing to add weather resistance and prevent sticking.
Tear Off
The process of completely removing an existing roofing system down to the structural deck.
Telegraphing
A distortion that can occur in shingles when a new roof is installed over an uneven surface, causing the imperfections of the underlying surface to be visible.
Three-Dimensional Shingles
Also known as laminated shingles. These shingles have multiple layers to create extra thickness and a textured appearance.
Top Lap
The section of roofing covered by the next course of shingles after installation.
TPO
Thermoplastic Polyolefin — a popular, energy efficient roofing system which uses a single-ply roofing membrane. Used mostly for flat roofs and in commercial roofing.
U
UL
Abbreviation for Underwriters Laboratories, LLC, an independent organization that tests and certifies products for safety and performance.
UL Label
A label affixed to packaging indicating the level of fire and/or wind resistance of asphalt roofing.
Underdriven Nails
Nails that aren't driven flush with the shingle surface, leaving them "proud" (sticking out). Can allow water to get in.
Underlayment
Material placed beneath roofing, such as asphalt-saturated felt or specially engineered synthetic materials, to provide extra protection for the roof deck.
V
Valley
The internal angle formed by the intersection of two sloping roof planes.
Valley Flashing
Metal flashing installed in roof valleys before shingles. Helps channel water off the roof to prevent leaks.
Vapor Retarder
Any material used to prevent the passage of water vapor.
Vent
An opening or outlet, such as a pipe or stack, that protrudes through the roof deck. It can also refer to devices installed on the roof, gable, or soffit for the purpose of ventilating the underside of the roof deck.
Vent Sleeve
See Collar.
W
Wall Flashing
A type of installation (normally metal) that is installed with masonry to divert water away from the surface and keep it dry. Stops water from pooling and creating damage or leakage on a roof.
Woven Valley
A method of constructing valleys where shingles from both sides of the valley extend across the valley and are overlapped and interwoven with alternating courses. The valley flashing is not exposed.